@article { author = {Brunelli, Andrea and Parisi, Paolo}, title = {Sport as an Instrument for People Development and Peace Promotion}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84882}, abstract = {In the last decade a growing number of initiatives using sport as tool to stimulate personal and social improvements have been implemented in developing countries. This new sector of sport utilization which has received a lot of attention and recognition by the international community is defined as the Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) movement. In this review, the basic features of the SDP phenomenon, the steps towards its official recognition, and the basic characteristics of the projects delivered will be outlined. Moreover, the usefulness of measuring the impact of the activities implemented and the expected contribution of the academic community to this new and stimulating reality will be further discussed in the conclusions.}, keywords = {People Development,Peace Promotion}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84882.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84882_2766041f22c76213206227fb905d6900.pdf} } @article { author = {M. Beltran Valls, Reyes and Caporossi, Daniela}, title = {The Possible Benefits of Resistance Training in Counteracting the Age-Related Biological Decline of Skeletal Muscle}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {11-23}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84883}, abstract = {As a result of the increased human lifespan expectancy, age-related disabilities and the associated medical care costs represent in many countries a major economic concern because of the increased national health expenditures utilized by the elderly. In normal aging, the phenomenon of sarcopenia, associated to loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a reduction in motor unit number and atrophy of muscle fibres, results in the decline of physical function and quality of life. Regular physical activity has been shown to have beneficial effects against the development of many age-related chronic diseases in men and women and it seems to be of great value also for the skeletal muscle mass, however we need to clearly understand the mechanisms affecting muscle wasting and how programmed exercise can delay or counteract this process. This mini-review aims to offer an overview on the biological mechanisms underlying the age-associated loss of muscle mass and physical function and to examine how resistance exercise could be a potential kinesiology intervention for the elderly.}, keywords = {Resistance training,Biological Decline of Skeletal Muscle}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84883.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84883_0a3c4e563c7cc4cf465d4d36da5cb5bb.pdf} } @article { author = {L. Hughson, Richard and Faisal, Azmy}, title = {Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: Implications for Endurance Running Success}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {24-31}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84893}, abstract = {The kinetics of oxygen uptake () reflect the rate at which the oxidative energy supply system is adapting to the demands of a new, higher, work rate. An athlete starting a 5,000 m race requires rapid adaptation of oxidative phosphorylation to minimize the contribution of phosphocreatine and anaerobic glycolysis with lactate accumulation during the period of oxygen deficit. This will enable the athlete to maintain reserves for the sprint to the finish.  kinetics are affected by both the rate at which metabolic pathways are activated and the ability to transport O2 to the exercising muscles. Following the onset of moderate intensity exercise,  increases in a fit athlete to attain a steady state within the first two minutes. However, for higher intensities of exercise such as 5,000 m running where the metabolic demand is approaching  the attainment of a steady state is delayed. In the case of the high intensity exercise, there is a corresponding slower response of cardiac output (). Prior warm-up exercise at either moderate or heavy intensity has been shown recently to cause a more rapid increase in  which then facilitates a more rapid increase in . This review highlights some of the recent evidence concerning the kinetics of and in fit, endurance-trained, athletes during moderate and heavy intensity exercise.}, keywords = {Oxygen Uptake Kinetics,Endurance Running Success}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84893.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84893_68f67c219a91efd9e5ffcbda21ca7951.pdf} } @article { author = {Utley, Andrea and Nasr, Mohamed and A. Astill, Sarah}, title = {Enhancing Auditory Information - Implications for Catching Behaviour in Skilled Performers}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {32-45}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84885}, abstract = {This study aimed to examine the effect of enhancing perceptual information by using broadband sound to facilitate one-handed catching. Enhancing environmental information affects the perception-action coupling cycle (Newell, 1991), thus improving catching success and allowing greater flexibility of movement. Employing broadband sound in a ball provides bimodal stimuli that are spatially co-incidental and therefore enhancing sensory information (Stein, Meredith, Huneycutt, and Mcdade 1989). Twenty-two adults (M age 24) volunteered for the study, using 3D kinematic analyses all participants were examined performing 30 one handed catches across three testing blocks.    Analyses showed that enhancing auditory information with broadband noise resulted in a greater affordance for action.  Data showed that by augmenting perceptual information, less time was required for the deceleration phase of the catch.  Through analyses of the intralimb correlation, an indication of the presence of coordinative structures, it was found that participants with enhanced auditory information were able to ‘play’ with their movement patterns in order to achieve the task goal.}, keywords = {Coordinative structures,Joint coupling,Broadband noise,One-handed catching}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84885.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84885_96e298c88164b51e1bcc10ce9966b7d6.pdf} } @article { author = {B. Solomon, Gloria and H. Lobinger, Babett}, title = {Sources of Expectancy Information among Coaches: A Cross Cultural Investigation}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {46-57}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84884}, abstract = {Participation in and observation of sporting events boasts a long history across time and cultures. The enormous popularity of sport has led to the development of the coaching profession. Using the framework of expectancy theory, the purpose of this study was to explore the sources of information coaches from two cultures utilize to evaluate athletic ability. Over 600 coaches from the United States (US) and Germany served as sample members. The participants were issued the Solomon Expectancy Sources Scale (SESS; Solomon, 2008). Results demonstrated that US coaches rated all four SESS factors (Coachability, Team Player, Physical Ability, Maturity) significantly higher than their German counterparts. Further groups comparisons were conducted based on gender (male, female), coach status (head, assistant), and sport type (team, individual). A common trend is the finding that regardless of group, coaches prioritized the factors in an identical order. These results are discussed in terms of practical implications for future coach training.}, keywords = {Sources of Expectancy Information}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84884.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84884_e511993ea2dedb907330c73ca763311c.pdf} } @article { author = {Robinson, Tom and Gammon, Sean}, title = {A Question of Primary and Secondary Motives: Revisiting and Applying the Sport Tourism Framework}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {58-71}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84888}, abstract = {The motivation(s) of the sport tourist has been a regular source of discussion within much of the sport tourism literature (Gammon and Robinson, 1997; Gibson, 1998a; Hinch and Higham, 2004; Kurtzman and Zauhar, 1995a; Standeven and De Knop, 1999). Much consideration has been paid to the interaction and influence each sport or tourism motive has upon the other. This paper discusses the complexity of combining these motives; concluding that it is unrealistic to list all the possible motivational variations, but more enlightening to suggest that a relationship exits based upon primary and secondary considerations. Using this premise, a sport tourism framework is detailed (originally outlined in 1997) which not only illustrates a tentative sport tourist typology (based upon competitiveness, recreation, activity and passivity) but also a method by which organisations can utilise, in order to identify current and future sport tourism developments. Four applications of the framework are included which demonstrate its utility with regards to general, domestic, local and sport specific profiling. Lastly it is suggested that a sport tourism index be created where countries, regions and cities can compare their current sport tourism offerings with either competitors or national/international averages.}, keywords = {Sport Tourism Motivation,Synergy,Secondary Reinforcement,Consumer Typology,Sport Tourism Framework,Sport Tourism Index}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84888.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84888_42bb4c827b292d315ff2c26b86dbdec8.pdf} } @article { author = {Lee, Woo-young and Lim, Choong-hoon and M. Pederesn, Paul}, title = {Investigating Cognitive and Emotive Measures Affiliated with Advertising Extreme Sports: An Analysis of Emotion, Attitude, Sport Involvement, and Sport Participation Intention}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {72-78}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84890}, abstract = {The development of the media and technology has facilitated the proliferation of extreme sports (e.g., sensation-seeking sports such as rock wall climbing) across various communication platforms. For example, millions of fans annually consume extreme sports (e.g., the X-Games) either as spectators at a live event or as viewers of content produced across ESPN global distribution channels (e.g., television, Internet, smart phones). However, the extreme sports fans’ attitude formation through advertising has not been thoroughly examined in the academic field. Thus, the purpose of current study is to investigate how the level of personal involvement in the extreme sport influences emotions (i.e., pleasure and arousal) evoked by extreme sports advertising(i.e., artificial wall climbing) and how it influences consequent cognitive reactions (i.e., attitudes and intentions). In order to test the hypotheses, data were drawn from a convenience sample of 250 undergraduates from a large university located in the Mideast region of the United States. The results indicated that arousal is a significant function of personal involvement in the sport. Furthermore, both pleasure and arousal have significant effects on participants’ attitudes toward extreme sport advertising. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed, along with future directions for research.}, keywords = {Extreme Sport,advertising,Involvement,emotion}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84890.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84890_3a728cdb33657215e9225981f7dec3ce.pdf} } @article { author = {Lopera, Maikey and P. Porcari, John and Steffen, Jeff and Doberstein, Scott and Foster, Carl}, title = {The Effect of Indoor Rock Climbing on Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility Characteristics in Novice Climbers}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {79-91}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84887}, abstract = {Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate changes in muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility in novice climbers following 7 weeks of indoor rock climbing and to determine if these responses are related to improvements in climbing performance. Method:  Climbers (CL:  n=14) and non-climbers (N-CL:  n=10) were assessed before and after the study period.  Tests included right and left handgrip and pinch grip strength, lat pull-down strength, arm-hang endurance, handgrip endurance, sit-and-reach flexibility, and total climbing time. The CL group completed a 7-week training protocol involving climbing 5-6 routes on an indoor climbing wall, 2x weekly.  Result: The CL group had significant improvements in handgrip strength (7%), pinch strength (9%), handgrip endurance (26%), arm hang time (35%), and climbing performance (50%).  There were no significant changes in the N-CL group. There were no significant correlations between improvement in climbing performance and change in muscle strength and endurance within CL.  Discussion: The climbing performance of novice climbers can be improved in a relatively short period of time.  However, the improvement is most likely due to improved climbing technique, than to improvements in muscular strength and endurance.     }, keywords = {Rock climbing,Physical activity,performance}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84887.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84887_42bb4c827b292d315ff2c26b86dbdec8.pdf} } @article { author = {G. Cooper, Coyte and Huffman, Landon and Weight, Erianne}, title = {Choice Factors and Best Fit Principles Encouraging "Best Fit" Principles: Investigating College Choice Factors of Student-Athletes in NCAA Division I, II, and III Men's Wrestling}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {92-106}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84892}, abstract = {Title: Encouraging “Best Fit” principles: Investigating college choice factors of student-athletes in NCAA Division I, II, and III men’s wrestling. Purpose: To examine the college-choice factors of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes in men’s wrestling (N = 779) to encourage “best fit” principles in the recruiting process. Method/Sample: An online survey was utilized to investigate the college-choice factors of NCAA Division I, II, and III student-athletes in men’s wrestling across the United States. Scope of Study: The scope of the study is limited to the recruiting process that takes place in college athletics in the United States. Discussion: Collegiate athletic departments across the United States are often susceptible to an identity crisis as athletic department staff considers their department’s role in an institution of higher education.  In the wake of dualistic ideologies, athletic departments must define “success” so they can form a strategic approach that allows them to bring in student-athletes that enhance their vision and subsequent brand. Results and Conclusions: The data illustrated that academic-based factors (e.g., total academic value of college/university’s degree, degree programs and academic courses offered) were major considerations for prospective collegiate wrestlers when choosing their respective institution. }, keywords = {College Choice Factors,Best Fit Principles}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84892.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84892_68f67c219a91efd9e5ffcbda21ca7951.pdf} } @article { author = {Tavares, Fernando}, title = {Sports Games: For an Understanding Teaching of the Game}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {107-113}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84886}, abstract = {Internationally sports games occupy a prominent place in the set of activities performed by children and youth. To that fact adds the abiding interest of the media in sports events, both locally and internationally. It is therefore a huge responsibility of all of those who have as job the teaching of these sports. In this regard, and although in recent decades there has been a renewed theoretical and conceptual models of teaching, we still acknowledge that the teaching practice of the game in the sports games focuses almost exclusively on aspects of motor execution of basic skills in no contextualized situations. Thus, it is usual to observe that players exercise these skills during a certain time, after which they pass on to another skill and so forth. The assumption that is inherent to this way of proceeding is to think that performing a certain number of repetitions of this ability will be enough for players to achieve a good level of mastery of them. However, what is often verified is that when these youngsters go to practice the real game, they cannot apply those skills in the game context. Why? What are the reasons which may contribute so the practitioner cannot reproduce in the competition what he achieves in the training? This observation leads us to question whether this type of process, based on repetitions of technical gestures, to be more appropriate for young players to make the transposition of skills to their performance in the game. The point is that the relational dynamics of the game in sports games, results from the simultaneous existence of cooperation and opposition. This means that players are faced with constraints and unexpected situations, and therefore need to adapt to these ever-changing situations and that result from that confrontation.}, keywords = {Sports Games}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84886.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84886_8327ab49d0d26318642e4a9e255872b9.pdf} } @article { author = {Heazlewood, Ian}, title = {Factor Structure of the Women's Heptathlon: Applications of Traditional Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {114-125}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84891}, abstract = {The women’s junior and senior Heptathlon in the sport of Athletics is an event that is conducted over two consecutive days using seven event performances in the following order; day 1 consists of the 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put and 200m; and day 2 consists of the long jump, javelin throw and 800m. Training recommendations are based on conceptual models and suggested motor fitness constructs between the different events within the Heptathlon. In this model, sprint events such as the 100m hurdles and 200m; jump events such as long jump and high jump; throws such as shot put and javelin and the 800m should represent four underpinning factors that represent the seven the events. The predominant research issue was do two statistical multivariate analytical approaches, one based on traditional factor analysis and the second based on structural equation modelling (SEM) support the four factor conceptual model? The statistical method known as confirmatory factor analysis was applied to a set of IAAF top 173 heptathlon scores in 2010 to uncover the latent structure or factors of the seven events. The traditional factor analysis, principal component analysis, generated the simplest and interpretable factor structure that supported the hypothesised four factor model. The SEM approach produced more paradoxical results. The results suggest training modules can be developed based on the factor structure of the Heptathlon.}, keywords = {Factor Structure,Women's Heptathlon,Traditional Factor Analysis,Structural Equation Modelling}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84891.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84891_8cad2a6193bea6b15d5413c670b33160.pdf} } @article { author = {N. Eagleman, Andrea}, title = {Marketing to Minority Groups through MLB Coverage: An Examination of Two U.S. Sport Magazines}, journal = {Journal of Applied Sports Science}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {126-134}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Alexandria University, Faculty of Sport Education in Abu Qir}, issn = {2357-0024}, eissn = {2357-0059}, doi = {10.21608/jass.2011.84889}, abstract = {Major League Baseball (MLB) is the most racially diverse professional sport league in the United States out of the three largest leagues (Lapchick, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c). The U.S. Census Bureau (2008) reports that the racial makeup of the U.S. is also becoming increasingly diverse, and according toFahmy (2010), minorities continue to show increased buying power. Therefore, it is important to understand the extent to which sport media outlets are marketing to minority groups through their coverage of diverse athletes. This study employed a content analysis methodology and examined MLB coverage in Sports Illustrated and ESPN The Magazine over an eight-year time period. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences between the percentage of coverage given to White, Black, Latino, and Asian MLB players and the percentages of players from each race in the league, nor between the percentages of each race in the U.S. population. Both magazines exhibited a trend of focusing coverage on mostly White and Black MLB players over the last few years, however, and implications from the findings, limitations of the study, and ideas for future researchare explained in the discussion and conclusion sections.}, keywords = {marketing,Minority Groups,Major League Baseball (MLB)}, url = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84889.html}, eprint = {https://jassalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_84889_d08cc6966654f3da887587910f83859c.pdf} }